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Summary
Claims of US patents US 6,772,132
and US 6,776,304 in the name of Trading Technologies International were found to
be patent eligible subject matter under 35 USC 101 because the claims are
directed to a technological improvement of graphical user interfaces. The invention
embodied within the claims of both the ‘132 patent and the ‘304 patent is not
directed to an abstract idea, and even if they were, an element of the claims
recite an inventive concept.
Comments
- A graphical user interface that
solves a specific problem in Graphical User Interfaces, in this context for
computerised trading, may be patentable in the US, particularly if the problem
is necessarily rooted in computer technology in order to overcome a problem
specifically arising in the realm of computers.
Broad description of the invention
Both patents are directed to “[c]lick based trading with intuitive
grid display of market depth.” The invention described “provides a display and
trading method to ensure fast and accurate execution of trades by displaying
market depth on a vertical or horizontal plane, which fluctuates logically up
or down, left or right across the plane as the price fluctuates.”
Characteristic Claim
Representative claim 1 of the ‘132 patent recites:
1. A method of placing a trade order for a
commodity on an electronic exchange having an inside market with a highest bid
price and a lowest ask price, using a graphical user interface and a user input
device, said method comprising:
setting a preset parameter for the trade
order ;
displaying market depth of the commodity, through a dynamic display of a
plurality of bids and a plurality of asks in the market for the commodity,
including at least a portion of the bid and ask quantities of the commodity,
the dynamic display being aligned with a static display of prices corresponding
thereto, wherein the static display of prices does not move in response to a
change in the inside market;
displaying an order entry region aligned
with the static display prices comprising a plurality of areas for receiving
commands from the user input devices to send trade orders, each area
corresponding to a price of the static display of prices; and
selecting a particular area in the order
entry region through single action of the user input device with a pointer of
the user input device positioned over the particular area to set a plurality of
additional parameters for the trade order and send the trade order to the
electronic exchange.
Representative claim 1 of the ‘304 patent
recites:
1. A method for displaying market
information relating to and facilitating trading of a commodity being traded in
an electronic exchange having an inside market with a highest bid price and a
lowest ask price on a graphical user interface, the method comprising:
dynamically displaying a first indicator in
one of a plurality of locations in a bid display region, each location in the
bid display region corresponding to a price level along a common static price
axis, the first indicator representing quantity associated with at least one
order to buy the commodity at the highest bid price currently available in the
market;
dynamically displaying a second indicator in one of a plurality of
locations in an ask display region, each location in the ask display region
corresponding to a price level along the common static price axis, the second
indicator representing quantity associated with at least one order to sell the
commodity at the lowest ask price currently available in the market;
displaying the bid and ask display regions in relation to fixed
price levels positioned along the common static price axis such that when the
inside market changes, the price levels along the common static price axis do
not move and at least one of the first and second indicators moves in the bid
or ask display regions relative to the common static price axis;
displaying an order entry region comprising a plurality of locations
for receiving commands to send trade orders, each location corresponding to a price
level along the common static price axis; and in response to a selection of a
particular location of the order entry region by a single action of a user
input device, setting a plurality of parameters for a trade order relating to
the commodity and sending the trade order to the electronic exchange.
Details
Trading Technologies International, INC (“TT”) is the assignee of
both the patents US6,772,132 and US 6,766,304. CQG Inc. sought to invalidate t he patents.
Section 101 provides that a US patent may be granted to “Whoever invents or discovers any new and
useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and
useful improvement thereof.” 35 U.S.C.A. § 101. Supreme Court precedents
provide three specific exceptions to section 101’s principles of patentability:
“laws of nature, physical phenomena, and abstract ideas.” Diamond v.
Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303, 309 (1980). Alice articulates a two-step process to
determine whether claims of a patent are within the realm of patent-eligible
subject matter. Alice Corp., 134 S. Ct. at 2354 (relying on Mayo Collaborative
Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., 132 S. Ct. 1289, 1303, 1294 (2012).
This Court first determined whether the claims of the asserted patents are
directed to a patent- ineligible concept: laws of nature, physical phenomena,
and abstract ideas. Alice Corp., 134 S. Ct. at 2355; see also Mayo, 132 S.Ct.
at 1296-1297. This Court must then “consider the elements of each claim both
individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the
additional elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible
application.” Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2355 (quoting Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1298, 1297).
This second step requires a search for an “‘inventive concept,’ or some element
or combination of elements sufficient to ensure that the claim in practice
amounts to ‘significantly more’ than a patent on an ineligible concept.” DDR
Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1255 (Fed. Cir. 2014)
(quoting Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2355). Finally, as Alice makes clear, the claims
“do more than simply instruct the practitioner to implement the abstract idea”
on a generic computer either separately or as an ordered combination. Alice,
134 S. Ct. at 2359.
This Court first determined whether the claims at issue are directed
to an abstract idea. DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at 1256-1257. CQG, seeking to
invalidate the patents, argued that the claims of both the ‘132 patent and the
‘304 patent “recite the abstract idea of placing an order for a commodity on an
electronic exchange, based on observed market information, as well as updating
the market information.” As a result,
CQG maintained, “the abstract idea is nothing more than ‘a fundamental economic
practice long prevalent in our system of commerce.’” Id. (quoting Alice, 134
S.Ct. at 2356). TT asserts that the claims of the patents in suit are not
directed to an abstract idea, but to an improvement in computer technology.
However, TT maintains that assuming arguendo that the claims do recite an abstract
idea, the claims “do not seek to tie up the alleged abstract idea such that
others cannot practice it.” Dkt. 962 at 13.
His Honour was at the view that, neither the claims in the ‘132
patent nor the claims in the ‘304 patent are directed to a mathematical
algorithm. See Gottschalk v. Benson, 409 U.S. 63, 64 (1972) (holding that
mathematical algorithms, even those implemented on a computer, are abstract
ideas). The claims similarly do not “recite a fundamental economic or
longstanding commercial practice,” DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at 1257, as
electronic trading has only been viable for a couple of decades, and its analog
predecessor, open outcry trading systems, operate in a significantly different
fashion. The claims of the patents also do not address a challenge in business.
Rather, the claims at issue in both patents profess to solve problems of prior
graphical user interface devices (GUIs), in the context of computerized
trading, relating to speed, accuracy and usability.
CQG argues that: “[t]he Asserted Claims recite the abstract idea of
placing an order for a commodity on an electronic exchange, based on observed
market information, as well as updating the market information.” CQG further
contends that the elements recited in the claims merely perform basic
functions relating to electronic commodity trading and updating
market information using unidentified and generic computer components. CQG
further asserts that, “the functions recited in the Asserted Claims – setting,
displaying, and selecting – are all ‘purely conventional’ and cannot save the
claims.” (quoting Alice, 134 S. Ct. at 2359).
If the claims simply provided for “setting, displaying, and
selecting” data or information, CQG would be correct in its assessment that the
claims are directed to an abstract idea. However, CQG ignores much of the
details of the representative claims. Neither the claims of the ‘304 patent nor
the claims of the ‘132 patent are directed to solely “setting, displaying, and
selecting” data or information that is visible on the GUI device. Rather, the
claims are directed to solving a problem that existed with prior art GUIs,
namely, that the best bid and best ask prices would change based on updates
received from the market. There was a risk with the prior art GUIs that a
trader would miss her intended price as a result of prices changing from under
her pointer at the time she clicked on the price cell on the GUI. The
patents-in-suit provide a system and method whereby traders may place orders at
a particular, identified price level, not necessarily the highest bid or the
lowest ask price because the invention keeps the prices static in position, and
allows the quantities at each price to change.
This issue did not arise in the open outcry systems, i.e. the
pre-electronic trading analog of the ‘304 and ‘132 patents’ claims. In live
trading “pits,” traders would use verbal communication and hand signals to
transfer information about buy and sell orders. In an open outcry system, bids
and offers would be made in the open market giving all of the participants a
chance to compete for an order with the best price. There is no question that
electronic trading is much different than trading in open outcry pits. The
speed, quantity and variety of trades that can be made by a single trader over
an electronic system are no doubt markedly different than those trades a single
trader can make in the open outcry system. This Court concludes, in part, from
the apparent differences between the analog versions of trading and electronic
trading that the claims of the patents in suit are not directed to the abstract
idea of “placing an order for a commodity on an electronic exchange.”
The asserted claims similarly do not preempt every way of “placing
an order for a commodity on an electronic exchange,” as systems for doing so
existed before this invention, and systems exist now that allow traders to buy
and sell commodities on electronic exchanges without infringing the claims of
the patents in suit. Therefore, CQG has not met its burden of proving by clear
and convincing evidence that the patents in suit are directed to an “abstract
idea.”
His honour was at a view that even if the Court were to find that
the claims of the patents in suit are directed to an abstract idea, the second
part of the Alice framework, considering the claim elements “both individually
and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional elements
‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application,” leads the
Court to one conclusion: the claims recite an inventive concept. Alice, 134
S.Ct. at 2355. This step requires courts to locate an element or a combination
of elements in the claims “sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice
amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the [ineligible concept]
itself.” Alice, 134 S.Ct. at 2355 (quoting Mayo, 132, S.Ct. at 1294).
To ensure patents are not granted when the subject matter to which
the claims are directed completely preempts an idea, “[a] claim that recites an
abstract idea must include ‘additional features’ to ensure ‘that the [claim] is
more than a drafting effort designed to monopolize the [abstract idea].’” Id.
at 2357 (quoting Mayo, 132 S.Ct. at 1297). It is important to note, “the mere
recitation of a generic computer cannot transform a patent-ineligible abstract
idea into a patent-eligible invention,” Id. at 2358, thus, the recitation of a
GUI in the claims of the patents in suit does not automatically impart patent
eligibility.
In searching for the “inventive concept,” by analyzing the claim
elements both individually and as an ordered combination, the Court need not
delve further than identify the clause in the claims which has raised a flurry
of commotion throughout these proceedings: the static price index. The ‘132
patent recites a “dynamic display being aligned with a static display of prices
corresponding thereto,” and the ‘304 patent recites “each location in the bid
display region corresponding to a price level along a common static price axis.”
This element of the representative claims is what adds the “inventive concept”
to the patents-in-suit. While not declaring that the “static price axis” is the
defining characteristic of the patents which was not known in the prior art
before the date of invention (which is only proper under a §§ 102 or 103
analysis), it seems to be the “inventive concept” that allowed some traders the
ability to more efficiently and accurately place trades on electronic trading
systems.
As such, even if this Court found that the patents were directed to
an abstract idea, under the second part of the Alice test, the Court finds that
at least the “static price axis” element of the patents in suit was an
“inventive concept,” which eliminated some problems of prior GUIs relating to
speed, accuracy and usability, therefore the patents-in-suit claim patent
eligible subject matter under the Alice framework. DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at
1259. When the elements of the claims of both the ‘304 patent and the ‘132
patent are “taken together as an ordered combination, the claims recite an
invention that is not merely the routine or conventional use” of computers or
the Internet. DDR Holdings, 773 F.3d at 1259. The Court disagrees with CQG’s
assessment of DDR Holdings as inapposite. Instead, this Court finds that
because the claims of both the ‘132 patent and the ‘304 patent are “necessarily
rooted in computer technology in order to overcome a problem specifically
arising in the realm of” computers, like the asserted claims in DDR Holdings,
the claims here satisfy the requirements of 35 U.S.C. § 101. See 773 F.3d at
1257.